Editing Commodore 64 Troubleshooting Guide

= 🛠️ Commodore 64 Comprehensive Troubleshooting Guide =

== Overview ==
This guide provides detailed, component-level troubleshooting for the Commodore 64 home computer. It covers '''all''' major motherboard revisions (ASSY 250407, 250425, 250466, 250469, etc.) and notes differences between PAL and NTSC models where relevant.  
Common failure symptoms, diagnostic procedures and fixes are outlined for:

* Power-supply faults  
* “Black-screen” (no-boot) scenarios  
* Memory (RAM) issues  
* Video (VIC-II) faults  
* Audio (SID) faults  
* PLA logic-array faults  
* 6510 CPU faults  
* Keyboard/joystick problems (often CIA related)  
* Character ROM faults  

Diagnostic techniques (chip substitution, piggy-backing, logic probing, thermal checks), voltage test points (+5 V, +12 V, +9 VAC) and critical signals (RESET, clock, chip-enable lines) are all explained.

''Note: Disk drives (1541, 1571, etc.) and the Datasette are '''not''' covered here.''

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== 🧪 Diagnostic Tools & Techniques ==

=== Visual Inspection ===
* Remove the lid; examine for burnt/cracked parts, corrosion, loose wires or '''cold solder joints''' – especially around the power jack and both joystick ports.  
* Re-flow or re-solder any suspect joints to cure intermittent power or I/O issues.

=== Thermal Checks ===
* Gently touch (or IR-probe) chips after ~60 s of power-on.  
* A '''too-hot-to-touch''' PLA or SID often indicates an internal short.  
* Use freeze-spray/compressed air: if behaviour changes while cooling/heating, that IC is likely faulty.

=== Power & Signal Probing ===
* '''+5 V DC''' at multiple IC Vcc pins (e.g. 6510).  
* '''9 VAC''' between PSU DIN pins (and user-port pins 10 ↔ 11).  
* '''+12 V DC''' (older boards) / '''≈9 V DC''' (250469) at SID & VIC-II analogue Vdd.  
* '''RESET''': low for ≈½ s at power-on, then high (5 V).  
* '''System clock''': logic-level 1 MHz at 6510 φ2 pin.  
* '''PLA chip-enable lines''', '''CAS / RAS''' pulses to RAM, etc.

=== Chip Substitution ===
Swap socketed chips '''one at a time''' with known-good parts:

* PLA (U17) – highest failure rate on bread-bin boards.  
* VIC-II, SID, 6510, CIAs.  
* Observe orientation (notch/pin 1) and always power-off before removal/insertion.

=== Piggy-back Testing ===
* Press a good logic or DRAM IC on top of each suspect chip (pins aligned).  
* If symptoms change or machine boots, the underlying IC is bad.  
* '''Warning :''' won’t help if the bad IC is shorted; never piggy-back MOS customs.

=== Minimal-Configuration Boot ===
You can power-up '''without''' the following chips:

* '''SID (U18)''' – no sound, otherwise normal BASIC screen.  
* '''CIA U1 / U2''' – boots but '''no blinking cursor''' (keyboard/IEC inactive).  
* '''CD4066 switches (U16/U28)''' – paddles disabled, possible subtle colour shift.

Remove one at a time; if C64 suddenly boots, the removed IC was dragging the bus down.

=== Cartridge Diagnostics ===
* '''Any autostart game''' (e.g. *Jupiter Lander*) bypasses BASIC/KERNAL; if it runs, suspect those ROMs.  
* '''Dead-Test Cartridge''':  
  * Runs with '''all ROMs, SID and both CIAs removed''' – ideal for core-logic/RAM checks.  
  * Coloured-border flash count = faulty RAM bit/chip.  
  * If nothing at all after stripping to bare minimum ⇒ PLA, CPU, VIC-II or clock logic.

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== 🔌 Power-Supply & Voltage Checks ==
Always verify PSU '''before''' blaming main-board silicon.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
! Test Point!!Expected Voltage!!Purpose / Notes
|-
|Expansion Port pin 2 (+5 V) ↔ pin 1 (GND)||+5 V DC (±5 %)||Main logic rail
|-
|User Port pins 10 & 11||≈9 V AC (rms)||Drives SID/VIC analogue rails & 50/60 Hz TOD clock
|-
|SID Vdd (p 28 6581 / p 25 or 28 8580)||12 V (*6581*) or 9 V (*8580*)||Analogue supply
|-
|VIC-II Vdd (p 13 6567/9)||12 V (old) / 5 V (new HMOS)||Video-core supply
|-
|RESET (Expansion Port pin C)||Low → High||Must release to 5 V after power-up
|}

=== Common PSU Faults ===
* '''5 V missing/high''' → no boot or chip death (>6 V destroys RAM/PLA quickly).  
* '''9 VAC missing''' → black screen, no colour/sound; check brick fuse & board fuse.  
* '''Intermittent drop-outs''' via dirty power switch or cracked power-jack solder.  
* '''Hum-bars / buzzing audio''' = dried-out PSU capacitors.

Never run a C64 on an unstable brick; modern replacements or crowbar protectors are highly recommended (≥1.5 A @ 5 V, ≥1 A @ 9 VAC).

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== ⚠️ “Black Screen” (No Boot) Flowchart ==
# Check PSU rails, RESET, and system clock first.  
# Swap/feel VIC-II (dead clock = blank display).  
# Replace/logic-probe '''PLA''' (statistically #1 cause).  
# Swap CPU (6510) '''only after''' PLA & VIC-II ruled out.  
# Test/replace '''KERNAL, BASIC, CHAR''' ROMs (cartridge shortcut).  
# Diagnose '''RAM''' (Dead-Test flashes, hot chips, address-mux 74LS257 failures).  
# Inspect secondary glue (74LS629 VCO, 4044 latch, 74LS373 bank-latch, 7406 IEC buffer).  
# Remove SID/CIAs/4066 again if stuck.

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== 💾 RAM Failures ==
* '''Eight 4164 DRAMs''' (earlier boards) → each = one data bit.  
* '''Two 41464 DRAMs''' (250466/250469) → 4-bit wide.

=== Symptoms ===
* Black screen (lower 16 KB failure).  
* Wrong “BASIC bytes free”, garbage characters, freezes.  
* Dead-Test coloured flashes pinpoint bit#.  
* One DRAM hotter than neighbours.

=== Diagnosis / Fix ===
* Swap suspected chip, or socket & replace.  
* If Dead-Test still flags after RAM swap, replace '''both 74LS257 multiplexers'''.  
* Colour-RAM (2114) only affects on-screen colours, never causes black screen.

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== 📺 VIC-II (Video) Faults ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Model!!Pal IC!!NTSC IC!!Supply(s)
|-
|Bread-bin||6569||6567||5 V '''and''' 12 V
|-
|Short-board (250469)||8565||8562||5 V only
|}

=== Typical video faults & causes ===
* Blank (no border) → VIC dead / no clock / no 12 V.  
* Solid white/grey → VIC alive but no bus access.  
* Rolling / distorted → wrong VIC for crystal, bad 8701 or 74LS629 chain.  
* B&W only → bad modulator chroma, monitor PAL/NTSC mismatch.  
* Jail-bars → design-limit, mitigated by decoupling-mods (not a “fault”).  

Swap with same-type VIC to confirm. Never mix 12 V and 5 V variants without conversion.

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== 🎵 SID (Audio) Faults ==
* '''6581''' (+12 V)—heat-prone; '''8580''' (+9 V)—cool HMOS. Not interchangeable w/o mods.

=== Symptoms ===
* Total silence → SID dead / missing analogue rail.  
* One voice/noise/distortion → partial SID failure.  
* C64 hangs only when SID installed → shorted SID on data-bus.  
* POTX/POTY jitter → SID ADC or 4066 switches.

=== Repair ===
No internal fix – replace with same IC or modern clone (*ARM-SID*, *Swinsid*, *FPGASID*, etc.).

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== 🧩 PLA (U17) Logic Chip ==
* Ceramic 906114-01 in bread-bins = hottest, most failure-prone IC in C64.  
* SuperPLA (CSG 251715/252535) on 250469 seldom fails.

=== Failure Signs ===
* Black screen (no border) most common.  
* Random coloured garbage, crashes after warm-up.  
* Selective cartridge incompatibility.

Replace with modern cool-running GAL/FPGA-based drop-ins (PLAnkton, SuperPLA v3, RealPLA, etc.).

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== ⚙️ 6510 CPU Faults ==
Rare, but possible (over-voltage, ESD). After PLA/VIC ruled out:

* Address lines static despite proper clock ⇒ dead CPU.  
* Dead-Test cart shows nothing even with good PLA/VIC ⇒ suspect CPU.  
* Replace with 6510 or 8500 (HMOS) matching clock.

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== ⌨️ Keyboard / CIA Issues ==
* CIA-1 (U1) scans keyboard & joysticks, controls tape motor.  
* CIA-2 (U2) handles IEC/user-port & RESTORE NMI.

=== Symptoms ===
* No cursor blink / no keys → CIA-1 dead.  
* Some rows/columns dead → CIA port bit, keyboard ribbon, or trace open.  
* No RESTORE → CIA-2 or 556 timer.  
* Joystick Port 2 shares CIA-1 port-A; Port 1 shares port-B. Same diagnostics apply.

Swap CIAs (identical), socket & replace as required.

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== 🕹️ Joystick Port Faults ==
* Trace breaks at DB-9, burnt SIP resistor networks or CIA-1 bit failure.  
* Ground pin 8 often fractures causing *both* ports to mis-read.  
* Paddle lines (POT X/Y) pass through 4066; a bad switch = no analogue read.

Continuity-test each DB-9 pin back to CIA; repair connector or replace CIA-1.

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== 🔠 Character ROM & Other ROMs ==
{| class="wikitable"
! ROM!!IC/Location!!Boot symptom when bad
|-
|KERNAL (8 KB)||U4||Black screen, '''no''' border
|-
|BASIC (8 KB)||U3||Blank screen '''with''' border
|-
|CHAR (4 KB)||U5||Legible layout but garbage glyphs
|-
|KERNAL + BASIC (16 KB)||U3 (250469)||Black screen, no border
|}

Swap with known-good mask ROMs or EPROM-adaptors (27C64/27C128, etc.).  
Cartridges that use their own code/font will boot fine even with bad on-board ROMs.

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== Final Notes ==
* '''Start with power checks.'''  
* Use '''Dead-Test''' whenever possible – fastest path to RAM/CIA diagnosis.  
* Statistically:  
  # PLA  
  # RAM / 74LS257 muxes  
  # CIA or SID  
  # VIC-II or (rarely) 6510  
* Always fit sockets on replacement parts and monitor brick PSU health.