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| {{Infobox computer
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| | Mega Drive / Genesis]]
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| {{Infobox computer
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| | name = Nintendo Entertainment System
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| | image = [[File:NES-Console-Set.png|260px|frameless]]
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| | caption = Nintendo Entertainment System (front-loading model)
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| | manufacturer = Nintendo
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| | type = Home video game console
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| | release_date = 1983 (JP, as Famicom), 1985 (NA/EU, as NES)
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| | discontinued = 1995 (worldwide)
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| | price = US$179.99 (NA launch, 1985)
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| | cpu = Ricoh 2A03 (MOS 6502 core) @ 1.79 MHz (NTSC) / 1.66 MHz (PAL)
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| | memory = 2 KB RAM, 2 KB video RAM
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| | storage = ROM cartridge (up to 1 MB)
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| | display = 256×240 px (NTSC), 256×240 px (PAL); 48 colours, 25 on screen
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| | os = None
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| | successor = [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]]
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| | model = NES-001 (front loader), NES-101 (top loader)
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| | sound = 5 channels (2 pulse, 1 triangle, 1 noise, 1 DPCM)
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| | dimensions = 25.4 × 20.3 × 7.6 cm (front loader)
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| | weight = 1.4 kg (front loader)
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| | predecessor = [[Color TV-Game]]
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| | codename = AVS (prototype), Famicom (Japan)
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| }}
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| The '''Nintendo Entertainment System''' ('''NES''') is an 8-bit home video game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo. Released as the '''Family Computer''' ('''Famicom''') in Japan in 1983 and as the NES in North America and Europe from 1985, it became one of the most influential and best-selling consoles of its era.
| | '''Replacing the electrolytic capacitors in a Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) restores power stability, reduces video/audio glitches, and can resolve random resets or startup failures.''' |
| | The NES uses robust Japanese capacitors, but after 35+ years, original parts are often dried out or leaky, especially in high-heat areas near the voltage regulator and RF modulator. |
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| == 🧠 Architecture and Processor == | | == 🔍 Visual Inspection & Failure Signs == |
| The NES is powered by the Ricoh 2A03 CPU (a custom MOS 6502 derivative) running at 1.79 MHz (NTSC) or 1.66 MHz (PAL). The CPU integrates both the main processor and the audio processing unit (APU), providing five audio channels.
| | * '''Bulging or leaking cans''' – especially C6 (main filter) and C22 (audio/video decoupling). |
| | * '''Corrosion or brown residue''' – at the base of capacitors, often near the power supply section. |
| | * '''Vertical lines or flicker on video''' – commonly linked to failing C10 or C12. |
| | * '''Audio hum or distortion''' – dried-out C22 or C24 can inject noise into the audio path. |
| | * '''Random resets or failure to power on''' – C6 or C7 (power rail filters) with high ESR. |
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| == 💾 Memory and Storage ==
| | If any capacitor shows visible failure, it’s best practice to replace '''all electrolytic capacitors''' on the mainboard. |
| The system features 2 KB of onboard RAM and 2 KB of video RAM. Game data and additional hardware are supplied via ROM cartridges, with later games including extra RAM, mappers, and co-processors.
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| == 🖥️ Display and Graphics == | | == 📋 NES Mainboard Capacitor List == |
| The NES outputs a resolution of 256×240 pixels (NTSC/PAL), supporting up to 25 simultaneous colours from a palette of 48. Graphics are handled by the Picture Processing Unit (PPU), which supports hardware sprites and scrolling. | | The NES mainboard (NES-CPU-xx) uses through-hole aluminium electrolytics. Always verify values against your board’s silkscreen, as minor revisions exist. |
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| |
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| == 🔊 Sound Capabilities == | | === 🖥️ NES-CPU-05/07/09 Mainboard === |
| The integrated APU provides five sound channels: two pulse wave, one triangle wave, one noise, and one DPCM (sample playback) channel.
| | {| class="wikitable styled-table" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |
| | | |+'''NES Electrolytic Capacitors''' |
| == 🎮 Input/Output and Expansion ==
| | ! Board Ref !! Capacitance !! Voltage !! Purpose / Rail |
| The NES features two controller ports, an expansion port (underside, rarely used outside Japan), RF and composite AV outputs, and a 72-pin cartridge slot (60-pin in Famicom).
| | |- |
| | | | C6 || 1 000 µF || 16 V || Main +5 V input filter (from AC adapter) |
| == 🧰 General Maintenance ==
| | |- |
| Regular maintenance includes cleaning cartridge contacts, controller ports, and ensuring the power supply delivers stable voltage. The NES is known for its "blinking red light" issue, often caused by dirty or worn cartridge connectors.
| | | C7 || 220 µF || 16 V || +5 V regulator output smoothing |
| | |
| == 🧾 PCB Schematics & Service Guide ==
| |
| Official service manuals and third-party schematics are available for both NES-001 and NES-101 models. These detail board layouts, test points, and component values.
| |
| | |
| === 📷 Motherboard Images ===
| |
| <gallery>
| |
| File:NES-Motherboard-Front.jpg|NES-001 motherboard (front)
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| File:NES-Motherboard-Back.jpg|NES-001 motherboard (back)
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| </gallery>
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| | |
| == 📚 Technical Documentation ==
| |
| * [https://console5.com/wiki/Nintendo_NES_Console_Repair Console5 NES Console Repair Wiki]
| |
| * [https://wiki.nesdev.org/w/index.php/NESdev_Wiki NESdev Technical Wiki]
| |
| | |
| == 📷 Gallery == | |
| <gallery>
| |
| File:NES-Console-Set.png|Nintendo Entertainment System (front loader)
| |
| File:NES-101-Toploader.jpg|NES-101 (top loader)
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| File:NES-Cartridge.jpg|NES Game Pak (cartridge)
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| | |
| == 🧪 Related Pages == | |
| * [[Famicom]]
| |
| * [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]]
| |
| * [[List of NES games]]
| |
| | |
| == General Maintenance ==
| |
| * Clean cartridge slot with isopropyl alcohol and a soft brush.
| |
| * Inspect and clean controller ports.
| |
| * Check power supply output (9V AC, 850mA for NES-001).
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| * Replace 72-pin connector if games fail to load reliably.
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| | |
| == PCB Schematics & Service Manual == | |
| * [https://console5.com/wiki/Nintendo_NES_Console_Repair NES Console Schematics]
| |
| * [https://console5.com/techwiki/images/9/9d/NES-CPU-01-CPU-PPU-Schematic.pdf NES-001 CPU/PPU Schematic PDF]
| |
| | |
| === Apple Service Manual ===
| |
| ''Not applicable to NES.'' | |
| | |
| === Logic Board & Analog Board Schematics ===
| |
| * See above NES-001 and NES-101 service manuals.
| |
| | |
| == Capacitor Replacement Guide ==
| |
| Over time, electrolytic capacitors in the NES may degrade, leading to video, audio, or power issues. Replacing these capacitors can restore system stability and performance.
| |
| | |
| === Tools and Materials Needed ===
| |
| * Soldering iron (fine tip)
| |
| * Solder sucker or desoldering braid
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| * Lead-free solder
| |
| * Replacement capacitors (see table below)
| |
| * Phillips screwdriver
| |
| * Isopropyl alcohol and cotton buds
| |
| | |
| === Common NES Capacitors (NES-001) ===
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! Reference !! Value !! Voltage !! Type !! Location
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | C6 || 220µF || 16V || Electrolytic || Power input (DC in) | | | C10 || 47 µF || 16 V || PPU +5 V decoupling (video stability) |
| |- | | |- |
| | C7 || 10µF || 16V || Electrolytic || Audio circuit | | | C12 || 10 µF || 16 V || CPU +5 V decoupling |
| |- | | |- |
| | C10 || 1µF || 50V || Electrolytic || Video circuit | | | C22 || 10 µF || 16 V || Audio output DC blocking |
| |- | | |- |
| | C11 || 100µF || 6.3V || Electrolytic || Power filtering | | | C24 || 1 µF || 50 V || Audio path coupling (to RF modulator) |
| |- | | |- |
| | C13 || 47µF || 16V || Electrolytic || Power filtering | | | C25 || 100 µF || 16 V || RF modulator supply filter |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| ''Note: Capacitor values may vary by board revision. Always verify before ordering replacements.''
| | === 🛠️ Additional Notes === |
| | | * Some revisions may use slightly different values for C7 or C25 (e.g., 330 µF or 220 µF). Always match or slightly exceed voltage ratings. |
| === Replacement Procedure === | | * Ceramic and tantalum capacitors (e.g., C11, C13) rarely fail and do not need routine replacement. |
| # Unplug the NES and remove all cables and cartridges.
| | * If your NES has severe corrosion or liquid damage, inspect for lifted pads or broken traces before recapping. |
| # Open the case by removing the six Phillips screws on the underside.
| |
| # Remove the shielding and motherboard.
| |
| # Locate the capacitors to be replaced (see table above).
| |
| # Desolder the old capacitor, noting polarity (long leg = positive).
| |
| # Insert and solder the new capacitor, matching polarity.
| |
| # Trim excess leads and clean any flux residue.
| |
| # Reassemble the NES and test for proper operation.
| |
| | |
| == Retrobrite ==
| |
| Yellowed NES plastic can be restored using hydrogen peroxide and UV light ("retrobrite" process). Always use gloves and eye protection.
| |
|
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|
| == Troubleshooting == | | == 🧰 Replacement Tips == |
| * '''No power''': Check power supply, C6 and C11 capacitors. | | * Use '''105°C rated''' capacitors for maximum longevity. |
| * '''No video/audio''': Inspect C10 and C7. | | * Observe polarity: the '''long lead is positive''', and the negative stripe on the body must match the board’s marking. |
| * '''Blinking red light''': Clean or replace 72-pin connector. | | * Desolder one capacitor at a time to avoid confusion. |
| * '''Distorted sound''': Replace C7. | | * Clean any leaked electrolyte with isopropyl alcohol before installing new parts. |
| | * After recapping, test the NES with a known-good power supply and game cartridge. |
|
| |
|
| == Technical Details == | | == 📚 References == |
| | * [https://console5.com/wiki/Nintendo_NES_Capacitor_Kit Console5 NES Capacitor Kit] |
| | * [https://www.nesdev.org/wiki/NES_Motherboard NESdev Wiki: NES Motherboard] |
| | * [https://www.ifixit.com/Guide/Nintendo+Entertainment+System+Capacitor+Replacement/113735 iFixit NES Capacitor Replacement Guide] |
|
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|
| === System Architecture at a Glance === | | == 📝 See Also == |
| * CPU: Ricoh 2A03 (NTSC) / 2A07 (PAL) | | * [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] |
| * PPU: | | * [[Capacitor Replacement Guide]] |
| | * [[Game Console Repair]] |
Replacing the electrolytic capacitors in a Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) restores power stability, reduces video/audio glitches, and can resolve random resets or startup failures.
The NES uses robust Japanese capacitors, but after 35+ years, original parts are often dried out or leaky, especially in high-heat areas near the voltage regulator and RF modulator.
🔍 Visual Inspection & Failure Signs
- Bulging or leaking cans – especially C6 (main filter) and C22 (audio/video decoupling).
- Corrosion or brown residue – at the base of capacitors, often near the power supply section.
- Vertical lines or flicker on video – commonly linked to failing C10 or C12.
- Audio hum or distortion – dried-out C22 or C24 can inject noise into the audio path.
- Random resets or failure to power on – C6 or C7 (power rail filters) with high ESR.
If any capacitor shows visible failure, it’s best practice to replace all electrolytic capacitors on the mainboard.
📋 NES Mainboard Capacitor List
The NES mainboard (NES-CPU-xx) uses through-hole aluminium electrolytics. Always verify values against your board’s silkscreen, as minor revisions exist.
🖥️ NES-CPU-05/07/09 Mainboard
NES Electrolytic Capacitors
| Board Ref |
Capacitance |
Voltage |
Purpose / Rail
|
| C6 |
1 000 µF |
16 V |
Main +5 V input filter (from AC adapter)
|
| C7 |
220 µF |
16 V |
+5 V regulator output smoothing
|
| C10 |
47 µF |
16 V |
PPU +5 V decoupling (video stability)
|
| C12 |
10 µF |
16 V |
CPU +5 V decoupling
|
| C22 |
10 µF |
16 V |
Audio output DC blocking
|
| C24 |
1 µF |
50 V |
Audio path coupling (to RF modulator)
|
| C25 |
100 µF |
16 V |
RF modulator supply filter
|
🛠️ Additional Notes
- Some revisions may use slightly different values for C7 or C25 (e.g., 330 µF or 220 µF). Always match or slightly exceed voltage ratings.
- Ceramic and tantalum capacitors (e.g., C11, C13) rarely fail and do not need routine replacement.
- If your NES has severe corrosion or liquid damage, inspect for lifted pads or broken traces before recapping.
🧰 Replacement Tips
- Use 105°C rated capacitors for maximum longevity.
- Observe polarity: the long lead is positive, and the negative stripe on the body must match the board’s marking.
- Desolder one capacitor at a time to avoid confusion.
- Clean any leaked electrolyte with isopropyl alcohol before installing new parts.
- After recapping, test the NES with a known-good power supply and game cartridge.
📚 References
📝 See Also
