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Battery Explosion, Capacitor or Corrosion Damage

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A nickel-cadmium VARTA barrel cell that has leaked onto a circuit board. The blue-green deposits on the IC legs and connector pins are corrosion from its alkaline electrolyte.

Battery explosion, capacitor or corrosion damage to a circuit board comes from a leaking or vented battery, or from electrolyte released by a failed capacitor. Repairing it means working out what leaked, making the cell safe, cleaning and neutralising the residue, and restoring the damaged connections. The method is the same for any manufacturer's equipment. Rebuilding battery packs, and the batteries each manufacturer fitted, are covered in Battery Refurbishment.

The chemistry decides the clean-up. Alkaline, nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride cells leak an alkaline hydroxide electrolyte, which Duracell says to clean with diluted vinegar or lemon juice.[1] The manufacturer of lithium-thionyl chloride cells, the 3.6 V memory-backup type, says to neutralise their electrolyte with baking soda or sodium bicarbonate, and a sealed lead-acid battery's dilute sulfuric acid is neutralised the same way.[2][3] Capacitor electrolyte is washed off, not neutralised.

Safety

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Work in a well-ventilated area, wearing gloves and eye protection.[1]

  • Alkaline and nickel-cell electrolyte is caustic and can cause severe irritation or chemical burns. If it reaches skin or eyes, wash with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and get medical attention.[4]
  • Nickel-cadmium cells contain cadmium, which makes them hazardous waste.[4] Take damaged cells of any kind to a battery collection point; in the UK, retailers that sell enough batteries must take them back.[5]
  • A vented or leaking lithium-thionyl chloride cell releases toxic sulfur dioxide and burns eyes, skin and mucous membranes. Do not recharge, crush, pierce, short, directly heat or solder one. Isolate a cell that has been dropped or shocked and watch it for about five days, because an internal short can start a fire later.[2] For lithium fires and lithium-ion packs, see Battery Refurbishment.
  • Sealed lead-acid electrolyte is dilute sulfuric acid, corrosive to skin and eyes.[3]
  • An electrolytic capacitor whose vent opens releases hydrogen and vaporised electrolyte at over 100 °C, which can burn. Keep your face away from it. Flush eyes with water; wash electrolyte off skin with soap and water.[6]
  • Discharge a capacitor before removing it.[7] On a machine with a CRT, follow the CRT Discharge Procedure first.

Identifying the chemistry

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A cell's IEC designation gives its chemistry as a letter prefix before the size code. An alkaline AA is LR6, a zinc-carbon AA R6, a nickel-cadmium AA KR6 and a nickel-metal hydride AA HR6. A CR2032 is a lithium-manganese dioxide coin cell. The half-AA memory-backup cells sold as Saft LS14250 and Tadiran TL-5101 are ER14250, lithium-thionyl chloride.[8][9]

What leaks, and what cleans it
Chemistry Prefix Electrolyte Residue Clean-up agent
Alkaline manganese LR Potassium hydroxide[10] Alkaline, caustic Equal parts vinegar or lemon juice and water, or one tablespoon of boric acid in a gallon of water[1]
Nickel-cadmium KR Potassium and sodium hydroxide[4] Alkaline, caustic; contains cadmium As alkaline[1]
Nickel-metal hydride HR Alkaline hydroxide solution, 20-40 % by weight[11] Alkaline; forms potassium carbonate crystals[11] As alkaline[1]
Zinc-carbon R Ammonium chloride and zinc chloride[12] Acidic[13] Sodium bicarbonate; the evidence for this is anecdotal[13]
Lithium-thionyl chloride ER Thionyl chloride, 25-39 % of the cell's weight[2] Corrosive; gives off sulfur dioxide[2] Baking soda, soda lime or sodium bicarbonate[2]
Lithium-manganese dioxide CR A lithium salt in an organic solvent[14] Not given by Energizer Energizer gives no neutraliser; wash the residue off
Sealed lead-acid Dilute sulfuric acid, 10-20 %[3] Acidic, corrosive Soda ash, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate[3]
Aluminium electrolytic capacitor Conductive and combustible; the formulation is the maker's[15] Nichicon gives no pH Do not neutralise. Isopropyl alcohol or a water-based cleaner[16]

Look at what sits next to the damage: a holder of AA or C cells, a barrel cell soldered to the board, a half-AA cell on a lead, a coin cell holder or a capacitor footprint. A swollen or vented lithium-ion pack from a later portable is a fire risk, and burning lithium-ion cells give off hydrogen fluoride.[17] Handle a swollen or vented pack as described in Battery Refurbishment.

Where leaking cells are found

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Most machines with a clock or configuration memory have a backup battery, and portables add a main pack. These are the types that leak, by manufacturer; Manufacturer battery data has the replacement details.

Leak-prone batteries in vintage computers
Maker Machines Battery Leak
Apple Macintosh 128K, 512K and Plus 4.5 V, user-replaceable;[18] an Eveready 523 (alkaline)[19] Alkaline
Apple LC 630 and Performa 630 family; LC 575, LC 580, Performa 580CD and 588CD; Power Macintosh and Performa 4400, 5200, 5260, 5300, 5400, 5500, 6200, 6300, 6400 and 6500 4.5 V alkaline, according to Apple's specification pages[20][21] Alkaline
Apple Most other models, for example the Power Macintosh 6100 and Performa 550 3.6 V lithium[21] Lithium
Apple Macintosh Portable Sealed lead-acid main battery, 6.5 V[22] Acid
Commodore Amiga 500 (A501 memory card), 500 Plus, 2000, 3000 and 4000 Rechargeable barrel cell: a 3.6 V Varta on the A501 and A500 Plus, a 3.6 V NiCd (BT176) on the A4000[23][24][25] Alkaline
Acorn Archimedes 300 and 400 series (A305, A310, A410, A420, A440) Two LR06 alkaline AA cells in a holder, which Acorn said to replace once a year[26][27] Alkaline
Acorn A3000 NiCd, 1.2 V 280 mAh, soldered to the board at B1[28] Alkaline
Acorn A3010; Risc PC 600 and 700 Nickel cell, 1.2 V 280 mAh, soldered (A3010 BT2); NiMH 1.2 V 280 mAh (Risc PC BT1), trickle-charged by the board[29][30] Alkaline
Acorn BBC Master series Acorn's 1986 manual describes a lithium manganese dioxide cell in a holder next to the speaker, on connector PL8.[31] RetroClinic, which sells replacement packs, reports that the packs found in Masters are alkaline AA cells, fitted with a diode and resistor because the board charges whatever battery is connected.[32] Alkaline; it can creep up the cable to the board connector[32]
Atari Mega ST Two AA cells in a housing on top of the case[33] Depends on the cells fitted
Atari TT030 3.6 V lithium[34] Lithium
Amstrad PC1512; PPC512 and PPC640 Four non-rechargeable AA cells (PC1512);[35] ten alkaline C cells (PPC)[36] Alkaline where alkaline cells are fitted
IBM PC AT (5170); PS/2 Models 50, 60, 70 and 80 6 V lithium battery on a lead (AT, part 8286121);[37] two-cell 6 V lithium pack (PS/2)[38] Lithium

Where the table and the machine disagree, go by the cell itself: its label gives the voltage and chemistry.

Assessing the damage

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Corrosion round the battery position B1 of a board after a board-mounted NiCd cell leaked.

Before cleaning:

  1. Photograph both sides of the board, so that damage and component orientation are on record.
  2. Look at the area round the leak under magnification, on both sides. Note green or blue deposits on copper and component legs, white crystals, discoloured or lifted solder mask, corroded socket contacts and eaten traces.
  3. Check continuity, end to end, of every trace that runs through the stained area, including traces that look intact.
  4. Measure each supply rail to ground and compare it with the same rail on a known-good board of the same model.
  5. Find the machine's circuit diagram before starting repairs; the platform pages list the manuals hosted here.

Cleaning

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  1. Remove the source. Take loose cells out. Cut the leads of a cell soldered to the board and lift it clear before desoldering the stubs; the maker of lithium-thionyl chloride cells says they must not be heated or soldered.[2]
  2. Remove socketed chips and unplug cables in the affected area, noting orientation.
  3. Brush away loose, dry deposits with a soft brush or cotton swab.[1]
  4. Apply the agent for the chemistry, from the table above, with a brush or swab, working it round component legs and into sockets. Skip this step for capacitor electrolyte.
  5. Rinse the area thoroughly with distilled or deionised water, so that no neutraliser or dissolved salt is left on the board.
  6. Wash with isopropyl alcohol. Where electrolytic capacitors stay on the board, keep to Nichicon's limits: no halogenated cleaners, no more than 5 minutes of immersion or ultrasonic cleaning in all, below 60 °C, then at least 10 minutes' drying with hot air.[16]
  7. Let the board dry completely before powering it.
  8. Inspect it again under magnification and repeat the continuity checks. Deposits that come back mean electrolyte is still on the board; clean again.

Capacitor electrolyte is conductive and, according to Nichicon, can cause smoking or fire where it lies on a board, so it has to be removed even when nothing yet looks corroded.[15]

Repairing the board

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Removing parts

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Add fresh solder and flux to corroded joints before desoldering them, and keep heat and force low so that pads do not lift. If a pad comes away, note where its trace went before going further. Replace corroded IC sockets, headers and battery holders with new parts.

Broken traces

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Bridge a broken trace with insulated wire between the nearest sound points on the same net: component legs, vias or pads. Scrape the solder mask back to bright copper where you need to solder to a trace. Thirty-gauge Kynar wire-wrap wire is the usual choice for logic-level signals.[39] After each repair, check continuity along the new path and check for shorts to neighbouring tracks. Where a via has corroded through, connect the trace on each side to a point on the same net instead of relying on the via.

Replacing capacitors

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An electrolytic capacitor that has vented its electrolyte.
A surface-mount electrolytic capacitor with leaked electrolyte round its base.

Use the values from the machine's own parts list or capacitor guide; see Capacitor Failure Symptoms and the platform's capacitor replacement guide. Match the polarity: reverse voltage and ripple current above the rated value are among the causes of capacitor failure that Nichicon lists.[15] A replacement's voltage rating must be above the rail it sits on. Clean flux off afterwards, because halides in some fluxes can get into a capacitor and corrode it, and do not tilt, lay down or twist a capacitor body after soldering it.[40]

Solid tantalum capacitors do not leak electrolyte. KEMET describes the short-circuit failure mode of manganese dioxide tantalum capacitors as damaging, which is why it sells fused versions.[41]

In 2003 IEEE Spectrum reported that low-ESR electrolytics on desktop PC motherboards had been bursting through 2002, and traced the failures to an incomplete copy of an electrolyte formula sold to Taiwanese capacitor makers.[42]

Replacing the battery

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Fit the new battery where a future leak cannot reach the board: in a holder on a lead, mounted away from the board. Find out first whether the board charges its battery. The Amiga, the BBC Master and the Risc PC do, and a primary lithium cell fitted there needs a series diode and a current-limiting resistor to block the charging current; a CR2032 tolerates at most 1 µA of reverse charge.[25][32][30][9] Battery Refurbishment gives the replacement for each machine.

Checking the repair

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  1. Before power is applied, measure each supply rail to ground again and compare it with the readings taken before the repair and with a known-good board.
  2. Power the board from a current-limited bench supply if possible, with the limit set just above the board's normal draw, so a remaining short cannot do further damage.
  3. Measure the rails against the machine's own service figures. The Macintosh Plus Service Source, for example, sets +5 V at 4.85-5.15 V and +12 V at 11.90-12.75 V on its voltage test cable.[43] Without a machine figure, use the logic family's supply range; 74-series TTL such as the 74LS00 is specified for 4.75-5.25 V.[44]
  4. Refit socketed parts and test every function that passes through the repaired area: video, sound, ports, drives and the clock.

Prevention

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  • Take batteries out of equipment going into storage, and inspect battery compartments every few months.[10][1]
  • Do not mix old and new cells, or cells of different types or makes, and do not try to recharge a primary cell. All of these can cause leakage.[10]
  • A NiMH battery stored under load can creep-leak. Isolate it with insulating tape over the positive terminal, or remove it.[11]
  • Replace backup cells before they are old enough to leak. Acorn told owners of the Archimedes 300 and 400 series to replace the AA cells every year.[26]
  • Store boards with electrolytic capacitors at 5-35 °C and 75 % relative humidity or less, away from acidic or alkaline atmospheres.[7][15]
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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Duracell, "Frequently Asked Questions", "How do I clean up after a battery leak?": work in a well-ventilated area, wear household gloves and glasses, remove leakage from contacts with a toothbrush or cotton swab, and for alkaline, NiCd and NiMH leakage use one tablespoon of boric acid in one gallon of water or equal amounts of diluted vinegar or lemon juice and water. Also: remove batteries from devices being stored; do not mix brands. Retrieved 2026-10-01.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Electrochem Solutions, Safety Data Sheet: Lithium Thionyl Chloride Cells and Batteries, revision 5, 1 May 2025: section 1 (do not recharge, overcharge or crush), section 3 (thionyl chloride, CAS 7719-09-7, 25-39 %), section 5 (water spray may be inefficient on a lithium fire, but copious water may be used to cool a battery fire and put out surrounding fires; the electrolyte releases toxic sulfur dioxide and causes burns of eyes, skin and mucous membranes), section 6 (neutralise electrolyte-contaminated surfaces with baking soda, soda lime or sodium bicarbonate) and section 7 (do not crush, pierce, short, directly heat or solder; isolate and monitor a dropped or shocked cell for about 5 days). Hosted on this wiki as File:Lithium Thionyl Chloride Cells and Batteries Safety Data Sheet.pdf; see Lithium Thionyl Chloride Cell Safety Data Sheet.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 GS Yuasa Battery Europe, Safety Data Sheet SDS 01: Valve Regulated Lead Acid Batteries, issue 18, 2 June 2021, section 3 (electrolyte dilute sulfuric acid, 10-20 %) and section 6 (neutralise spillage with soda ash, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate). PDF. Retrieved 2026-10-01.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Motorola Solutions, Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) Batteries product data sheet, 22 February 2021, sections III (composition: cadmium metal 10-27 %, cadmium hydroxide 10-27 %, potassium and sodium hydroxide electrolyte under 5 %), IV (the electrolyte is caustic; wash for at least 15 minutes) and XIII (NiCd batteries are hazardous waste because of cadmium). PDF. Retrieved 2026-10-01.
  5. ↑ Office for Product Safety and Standards and DEFRA, "Regulations: batteries and waste batteries", GOV.UK. Source for the Waste Batteries and Accumulators Regulations 2009 and the retailer take-back obligation.
  6. ↑ Nichicon Corporation, Application Guidelines for Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors, Technical Notes CAT.8101H, sections 2-1-3 "In the equipment" (a failed capacitor expels steam over 100 °C) and 2-1-5 "In an Emergency" (the vent releases vaporised hydrogen gas and electrolyte, not combustion smoke; flush eyes with water; wash skin with soap and water) (PDF p. 11). Hosted on this wiki as File:Nichicon Application Guidelines for Aluminium Electrolytic Capacitors.pdf; see Nichicon Application Guidelines for Aluminium Electrolytic Capacitors.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Nichicon, Application Guidelines for Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors, CAT.8101H, sections 2-1-6 "Storage" (5-35 °C, 75 % relative humidity or less) and 2-1-7 "Disposal" (discharge the capacitor before removing it from the board) (PDF p. 12).
  8. ↑ Wikipedia, "List of battery sizes", AA and ½AA rows (LR6, R6, KR6, HR6; ER14250 for the Saft LS14250 and Tadiran TL5101) and coin-cell section ("CR" denotes lithium manganese dioxide). Retrieved 2026-10-01.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Energizer, Energizer CR2032 product datasheet: chemical system Li/MnO2, IEC designation CR2032, 3.0 V nominal, maximum reverse charge 1 µA. Retrieved 2026-10-01.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Energizer Brands, Alkaline Manganese Dioxide Handbook and Application Manual, 2018: Battery Description (zinc anode, manganese dioxide cathode, potassium hydroxide electrolyte; nylon seal as safety vent), Electrochemistry (hydrogen as a by-product, high under charging or short circuit) and Care and Handling (remove batteries from devices stored for extended periods; inspect battery compartments every few months; do not recharge primary cells; do not mix old and new cells, or different types or makes). Hosted on this wiki as File:Energizer Alkaline Manganese Dioxide Handbook and Application Manual.pdf; see Energizer Alkaline Handbook and Application Manual.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Energizer Brands, Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Handbook and Application Manual: Battery Description, Electrolyte (alkaline, a 20 % to 40 % by weight solution of alkaline hydroxide); the resealable vent can carry electrolyte out, where it forms crystals or rust; Storage (stored under load, electrolyte can creep round the seals or through the vent and form potassium carbonate crystals, and in extreme cases corrode the battery or device; isolate the battery with tape over the positive terminal or remove it). PDF. Retrieved 2026-10-01.
  12. ↑ Energizer, Carbon Zinc Batteries Article Information Sheet/Safety Data Sheet, January 2023, section 3 (ammonium chloride 0-10 %, zinc chloride 2-10 %) and section 6 (collect released material; prevent skin contact). PDF. Retrieved 2026-10-01.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Wikipedia, "Battery leakage", section on zinc-carbon batteries (the ammonium chloride electrolyte is acidic; the support for cleaning with sodium bicarbonate is anecdotal). Retrieved 2026-10-01.
  14. ↑ Energizer, Lithium Coin Handbook and Application Manual, Cross Section (lithium metal anode, manganese dioxide cathode, electrolyte a lithium salt in an organic solvent). PDF. Retrieved 2026-10-01.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Nichicon, Application Guidelines for Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors, CAT.8101H, section 2-1-1, circuit design: (2) do not apply ripple current above the allowable value; (4) do not apply reverse voltage; (9) capacitors may fail if exposed to acidic or alkaline solutions or to atmospheres of toxic gases such as ammonia; (11) the electrolyte is conductive and combustible, and in contact with the board can cause smoking or fire (PDF pp. 9-10).
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Nichicon, Application Guidelines for Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors, CAT.8101H, section 2-10, cleaning: halogenated cleaning agents are not recommended; recommended agents include isopropyl alcohol and water-based and surfactant cleaners, for a total of no more than 5 minutes by immersion or ultrasonic cleaning, below 60 °C, followed by drying with hot air for at least 10 minutes (PDF p. 25).
  17. ↑ Fredrik Larsson, Petra Andersson, Per Blomqvist and Bengt-Erik Mellander, "Toxic fluoride gas emissions from lithium-ion battery fires", Scientific Reports 7, 10018 (2017).
  18. ↑ Apple Computer, Macintosh Service Source (128K and 512K) and Macintosh Plus Service Source, Specifications: "CMOS custom chip with 4.5 V, user-replaceable battery backup". Hosted on this wiki as File:Macintosh_128k.512k.pdf and File:Macintosh_Plus.pdf; see Macintosh 128K/512K Service Source and Macintosh Plus Service Source.
  19. ↑ Larry Pina, Macintosh Repair & Upgrade Secrets (Hayden Books, 1990), Appendix D, "Parts List, Macintosh Analog Board, International Version", p. 335. Secondary source. Hosted on this wiki as Macintosh Repair & Upgrade Secrets.
  20. ↑ Apple, "Macintosh LC 630: Technical Specifications" (Battery Type: 4.5V alkaline); the Performa 630 and 630CD DOS Compatible pages (support.apple.com 112345 and 112346) give the same. Retrieved 2026-09-30.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Apple technical specification pages, Battery Type "4.5V alkaline": Power Macintosh 5200/75 LC, 5300/100 LC, 5400/120, 5500/225, 6200/75, 6400/200, 6500/250, 4400/200, LC 575, LC 580, Performa 580CD and Performa 588CD; "3.6V lithium": Power Macintosh 6100/66 and Performa 550. Retrieved 2026-10-01.
  22. ↑ Apple Computer, Macintosh Portable Service Source, Specifications, Electrical. Hosted on this wiki as Macintosh Portable Service Source (File:Macintosh_portable.pdf).
  23. ↑ Commodore, A4000 Service Manual, Bill of Materials (MISC ELECTRICAL: BT176, "Battery, NICAD, Rechargeable, 3.6V"). Scanned at archive.org.
  24. ↑ Amiga 3000 Hardware Guide, "Fixing leaking batteries". Community source for the barrel battery on the A3000 main board and leaks on A2000, A501, A3000 and A4000 boards.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 AMIGA alive, "A501 coin-cell battery modification", 11 August 2019. Community source for the Varta rechargeable cells in the A500 Plus and A501 and their leakage, the Amiga charging the cell, and the CR2032 conversion with a series diode and a resistor of at least 200 Ω.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Acorn Computers, Archimedes 300 Series Module Level Service Manual, part 0476,140, issue 1, April 1988, p. 6 (technical specification: two LR06 (AA) 1.5 V manganese alkaline cells; replacement once a year). Hosted on this wiki as Archimedes 300 Series Service Manual.
  27. ↑ Acorn Computers, Archimedes 440 Service Manual, part 0476,155, issue 1, November 1988, p. 6 (specification) and p. 49 (section 6.4.6: check about 2.8 V at IC16 pin 8 with the power off, and inspect PL11, D3 and the cells, above 1.4 V each). Hosted on this wiki as Archimedes 440 Service Manual.
  28. ↑ Acorn Computers, A3000 Service Manual, part 0480,050, issue 1, September 1989, p. 32 (the battery is soldered to the PCB) and p. 53 (parts list, B1 0817,013 BAT NICAD 1V2 280mAH PCB). Hosted on this wiki as Acorn A3000 Service Manual.
  29. ↑ Acorn Computers, A3010/A3020/A4000 Technical Reference Manual, issue 1, January 1993, p. 2-5 (A3010 main PCB parts list: BT2 0817,014, BAT NI 1V2 280MAH). Hosted on this wiki as Acorn A3010, A3020 and A4000 Technical Reference Manual.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Acorn Computers, Acorn Risc PC Technical Reference Manual, issue 1, September 1994, p. 1-10 (1.2 V rechargeable cell trickle-charged from +5 V) and p. 3-1 (BT1 0817,016, BAT NH 1V2 280MAH). Hosted on this wiki as Acorn Risc PC Technical Reference Manual.
  31. ↑ Acorn Computers, BBC Master Series Microcomputer Service Manual, part 0443,004, issue 1, April 1986, pp. 21-22 (battery back-up of the 146818 clock: internal lithium manganese dioxide battery; optional keyboard-mounted rechargeable battery, charged at about 30 mA for 15 minutes and then 1 mA) and p. 40 (battery connector PL8; battery in its holder next to the speaker; at least 2.6 V at the clock chip with the mains off). Hosted on this wiki as File:Acorn BBC Master Series Service Manual 0443,004.pdf.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 RetroClinic, "BBC Master 128 – Replacement CMOS battery packs". Community vendor source for the alkaline packs, leaks onto the case and the board, alkali creeping up the cable to the board connector, and the board charging any connected battery. Retrieved 2026-10-01.
  33. ↑ Atari Corporation, Mega ST Owner's Manual, "Clock Batteries" (pp. 6–7) and "The Computer's Top Panel" (p. 18). Scanned at archive.org.
  34. ↑ Atari Corporation, Atari TT030 Computer Field Service Manual, C302483-001, August 1991, section 2.2.9 (real-time clock powered by a 3.6 V lithium battery when the system is off). Hosted on this wiki as Atari TT030 Computer Field Service Manual.
  35. ↑ Amstrad, Amstrad PC1512 Technical Reference Manual, section 1.9 "Real Time Clock", transcribed by John Elliott at seasip.info.
  36. ↑ Amstrad, PPC512/PPC640 Service Manual, technical specification, p. 2. Hosted on this wiki as Amstrad PPC 512 / PPC 640 Service Manual.
  37. ↑ minuszerodegrees.net, "IBM 5170 – Battery". Source for the 6 V lithium battery, part number 8286121, and the J21 connector.
  38. ↑ Ardent Tool of Capitalism, "PS/2 RTC/CMOS Batteries", based on content by Bob Eager and Peter H. Wendt. Source for the model-to-battery cross-reference.
  39. ↑ EEVblog Electronics Community Forum, "Wire for trace repair?". Community source: #30 AWG Kynar wire-wrap wire is the traditional choice for patching logic-level signals.
  40. ↑ Nichicon, Application Guidelines for Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors, CAT.8101H, section 2-1-2, mounting: (15) non-ionic halides in some fluxes can infiltrate the capacitor and corrode it; (17) do not tilt, lay down or twist the capacitor body after soldering (PDF p. 11).
  41. ↑ KEMET, T496 Fail-Safe Fused MnO2 datasheet, Benefits: "Internal fuse protects against damaging short circuit failure mode". Retrieved 2026-10-01.
  42. ↑ IEEE Spectrum, "Leaking Capacitors Muck up Motherboards", 2003. Retrieved 2026-10-01.
  43. ↑ Apple Computer, Macintosh Plus Service Source, Adjustments, Voltage (test cable 077-0135: red lead 4.85-5.15 V, orange lead 11.90-12.75 V). Hosted on this wiki as File:Macintosh_Plus.pdf; see Macintosh Plus Service Source.
  44. ↑ Texas Instruments, SN74LS00 Quadruple 2-Input Positive-NAND Gates datasheet, SDLS025D, revised May 2017, section 6.3, Recommended Operating Conditions (SN74xx00: VCC 4.75 V minimum, 5.25 V maximum). PDF. Retrieved 2026-10-01.
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