Editing Macintosh Floppy Drive Maintenance

The internal floppy disk drives fitted to vintage Macintosh computers are 3.5-inch
mechanisms made by '''Sony''' and '''Mitsubishi''', used from 1984 into the late 1990s. Three
generations matter:

* '''400 KB''' – single-sided, Sony 3.5-inch ([[Macintosh 128K|128K]] and [[Macintosh 512K|512K]])
* '''800 KB''' – double-sided, Sony 3.5-inch ([[Macintosh Plus|Plus]], [[Macintosh SE|SE]] and others)
* '''1.4 MB''' – high-density Apple SuperDrive, Sony and Mitsubishi mechanisms (later models)

They fail with age from dust, hardened grease in the eject mechanism, dried lubricant on the
carriage rails, worn or dirty heads and cracked plastic gears. Cleaning and re-greasing
recover most drives. Alignment does not — see [[#What cannot be adjusted|What cannot be
adjusted]] below.

== These drives have no belt ==

'''The Apple SuperDrive and its 400 KB and 800 KB predecessors are direct drive.''' The
spindle is coupled straight to a DC brushless motor; there is no belt, no pulley and no belt
part number.<ref name="mf355c">Mitsubishi Electric, ''MF355C 3.5-inch Diskette Drive
Specifications'', UGD-0527A, February 1987: "The drive uses a DC brushless, direct-drive
motor"; the disk rotation mechanism "uses a DC brushless direct-drive motor to directly
rotate the spindle". Hosted on this wiki as
[[:File:Mitsubishi MF355C 3.5 inch Diskette Drive Specifications (UGD-0527A, Feb 1987).pdf]].</ref>

The word "belt" does not appear anywhere in Apple's service documentation for these drives —
not in the ''Apple 3.5 Drive'', ''Apple 400K Drive'', ''Apple 800K Drive'', ''Apple
SuperDrive'' or ''Macintosh HDI-20 1.4 MB Drive Service Source'' volumes.<ref name="ss35">Apple
Computer, Inc., ''Apple 3.5 Drive Service Source'' (Specifications, Troubleshooting, Take
Apart). Hosted on this wiki as [[:File:Apple 3.5 drive.pdf]].</ref><ref name="sssuper">Apple
Computer, Inc., ''Apple SuperDrive Service Source'' (Troubleshooting &rarr; Symptom Charts;
Take Apart). Hosted on this wiki as [[:File:Apple superdrive.hdi 20.pdf]].</ref>

'''Advice to "check the drive belt" on a Macintosh floppy drive is wrong and has propagated
from this page to several machine pages.''' Belt-driven floppy mechanisms are a 5.25-inch
full-height phenomenon (Tandon TM100, CDC/MPI and similar) — see
[[Floppy Drive Repair]].

== Specifications you can measure against ==

Apple publishes a real specification for the 800 KB Apple 3.5 Drive, and it converts directly
into bench checks.<ref name="ss35" />

<templatestyles src="Template:StyledTable/styles.css" />
{| class="wikitable styled-table"
|+ Apple 3.5 Drive (800 KB)
! Parameter !! Apple's figure
|-
| Tracks per inch || 80
|-
| Recording surfaces || 2
|-
| Seek time, track to track || 6 ms maximum
|-
| Settle time || 30 ms maximum
|-
| Drive start-up time || 600 ms maximum
|-
| Head position accuracy || ±0.035 mm
|-
| Formatted capacity || 800 K (certified double-sided media)
|-
| Unformatted capacity || 1,246 K
|-
| Operating temperature || 5–50 °C (40–122 °F)
|-
| Relative humidity || 5–90%, no condensation
|}

{| class="wikitable styled-table"
|+ Apple 3.5 Drive — current draw
! Rail !! Standby !! Typical !! Peak
|-
| +12 V || 10 µA || 120 mA || 600 mA, during eject only, 2 seconds maximum
|-
| +5 V || 10 mA || 360 mA || —
|}

A drive that pulls far more than this, or that drags a rail down when it spins up, has a
shorted motor driver or a seized mechanism. A drive that pulls nothing at all is not being
powered — check the cable before opening the drive.

== Disassembly and cleaning ==

=== Before you start ===
* Power off and unplug the Macintosh.
* Work on a static-free surface with an anti-static wrist strap.
* Most compact Macintosh cases need a '''Torx T15''' driver (a long-shaft one for the case screws inside the handle well).

To remove the drive:
# Open the case.
# Disconnect the ribbon cable and, on drives that have one, the power connector.
# Remove the mounting screws and slide the drive out.

[[File:FDD head.jpg|thumb|Floppy drive head]]

=== Cleaning the mechanism ===
* Blow the dust out with compressed air, or lift it with a soft anti-static brush.
* Clean the carriage rails and gears with isopropyl alcohol (>90%) and a lint-free cloth.
* Clean the read/write heads with a cotton bud dipped in isopropyl alcohol, moving along the head rather than across it. Support the upper head arm — do not let it snap down onto the lower head.
* Apple's own first remedy for "drive is unable to read; many file transfer errors occur" and for "drive fails to format" is, in both cases, '''clean drive'''.<ref name="sssuper" />

=== Re-greasing ===
* Re-grease the carriage rails, the eject gears and the worm drive with a '''plastic-safe synthetic grease'''. Hardened forty-year-old grease is the single most common cause of a drive that will not eject or that grinds.
* Do not use WD-40 or any other penetrating oil: it creeps, attracts dust and degrades the plastics.
* Do not over-apply. Grease on the head or on the media path will ruin disks.

== Common failures and repairs ==

=== Eject mechanism ===
Mechanical eject systems fail through:
* Eject motor failure
* Hardened grease on the gears
* Cracked or broken plastic gears — the eject worm gear is a known casualty, and 3D-printed replacements are widely available
* Dirty eject switches

Fixes: clean and re-grease with a plastic-safe grease, replace broken gears, clean the
switches.

=== Drive will not read ===
* Clean the heads thoroughly and inspect them under magnification for wear or a scored surface.
* Check that the spindle turns freely by hand and that the stepper moves the carriage the whole way.
* Verify the disk-insertion and write-protect sensors — a blocked write-protect sensor makes every disk read-only, and a blocked insertion sensor makes the drive ignore disks entirely.
* Try known-good media. Forty-year-old disks shed oxide, and a shedding disk will contaminate a freshly cleaned head in one pass.

=== Drive reads but will not write ===
Apple's chart sends this straight to "verify that drive is 1.4 MB SuperDrive", then to
replacing the mechanism.<ref name="sssuper" /> In practice, check the write-protect shutter
and sensor first — that accounts for most of them.

=== Stepper and carriage ===
* Symptoms: no movement, failure to seek, tracking that drifts.
* Clean and lightly lubricate the guide rails; check the stepper coil continuity with a multimeter.
* A stepper that buzzes without moving is usually mechanically jammed rather than electrically dead.

== What cannot be adjusted ==

An earlier revision of this page carried procedures for '''re-tensioning the head spring''',
'''aligning the track-zero sensor''' by loosening its screws, and '''aligning the heads''' by
loosening the stepper motor and rotating it. All three have been removed. They were
uncited, and they are wrong for these mechanisms:

* '''There is no felt pressure pad in a double-sided 3.5-inch drive.''' The felt pad belongs to single-sided 5.25-inch drives. A Sony or Mitsubishi 3.5-inch mechanism has an upper head on a sprung gimbal that loads against the lower head, and bending that spring changes the head load force away from the manufacturer's figure — which is not recoverable without the manufacturer's jig.
* '''Head alignment on these drives needs an alignment disk and an oscilloscope''', not trial and error against known-good disks. Moving the stepper by hand destroys the drive's compatibility with every disk written elsewhere, including the ones that used to work.
* Apple's own service documentation contains '''no adjustment procedure of any kind''' for these drives. Every symptom in the ''Apple SuperDrive'' and ''Apple 3.5 Drive'' charts ends in "clean drive" or "replace drive mechanism".<ref name="sssuper" /><ref name="ss35" />

If a cleaned, re-greased drive still misreads disks from other machines, the realistic
options are a known-good donor mechanism or a modern replacement, not an alignment attempt.

== Things that are not faults ==

* '''A disk formatted on a 1.4 MB SuperDrive that a PC will not read.''' Apple's answer is to format all disks on the MS-DOS drive first, and then both drives can read and write them.<ref name="sssuper" />
* '''A SuperDrive that reads 800 K disks but not high-density ones.''' Check it really is a 1.4 MB SuperDrive and not an 800 K mechanism in a later machine; Apple's chart asks this first.<ref name="sssuper" />
* '''A single click on insertion.''' That is the mechanism clamping the hub, and it is normal.

== Testing ==

* '''Disk Copy''' verifies that a disk reads end to end and is the quickest way to prove a repair.
* A known-good disk written on a '''different''' machine is the only test that distinguishes a dirty head from an alignment problem.
* ''Apple HD SC Setup'' is a '''hard disk''' utility and has no role in floppy testing; it was listed here in error and has been removed.

== Additional Resources ==
* [[Macintosh HDD Maintenance]]
* [[Macintosh SE General Maintenance]]
* [[:Category:Apple Service Source|Apple Service Source]]
* [[Macintosh SE/30 Troubleshooting|Macintosh SE/30 Troubleshooting Guide]]
* [[Floppy Drive Repair|Floppy Drive Repair (general)]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Navbox-AppleVintage|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Apple Vintage Computers]]
[[Category:Apple Maintenance Guides]]