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{{Infobox computer peripheral
{{Infobox computer peripheral
| image = [[File:Apple SuperDrive.jpg]]
| image = [[File:Apple SuperDrive.jpg|260px|frameless]]
| caption = Apple SuperDrive / FDHD Drive
| caption = External Apple SuperDrive with an Apple II 3.5 Disk Controller Card
| manufacturer = Apple Computer, Inc. (Sony mechanism)
| manufacturer = Apple Computer, Inc.
| type = Floppy disk drive
| type = 3.5-inch high-density floppy disk drive
| interface = DB-19 external floppy port
| interface = DB-19 disk drive port
| compatible = Macintosh models with a SWIM controller
| media = 3.5-inch 400K, 800K and 1.4 MB disks; 720K and 1.4 MB MS-DOS disks on a Macintosh
| compatible = Macintosh models with the SWIM controller (1.4 MB); other Macintosh disk ports, [[Apple IIGS]] and [[Apple IIc Plus]] (400K and 800K); [[Apple IIe]] and Apple IIGS with the Apple II 3.5 Disk Controller Card (1.4 MB)
| predecessor = [[Apple 3.5 Drive Service Source|Apple 3.5 Drive]]
| predecessor = [[Apple 3.5 Drive Service Source|Apple 3.5 Drive]]
| model = G7287
| model = G7287 (external drive)
}}
}}
<templatestyles src="Template:StyledTable/styles.css" />
<templatestyles src="Template:StyledTable/styles.css" />
The '''Apple FDHD drive''', marketed as the '''SuperDrive''', is Apple's high-density 3.5-inch floppy drive. Apple's own description: storage capacities of '''400K, 800K and 1.4 MB''', and it '''can read and write MS-DOS files in addition to standard Macintosh files'''.<ref name="gmfh9">''Guide to the Macintosh Family Hardware'', second edition, Apple Computer, Inc. / Addison-Wesley, 1990 — hosted on this wiki as [[:File:Apple Guide to the Macintosh Family Hardware 2nd Edition 1990.pdf]]. Chapter 9, "Floppy Disk Interfaces": the description of the 400K drive as a single-sided version of the Apple 800K drive; Table 9-1, drive type against disk type, capacity, file system and encoding method; the GCR/NRZI and MFM encoding rules; Tables 9-2 and 9-6, which Macintosh models take which drive and how many internal and external drives each supports; the IWM and SWIM interface ICs, their C8M (7.8336 MHz) and C16M (15.6672 MHz) clocks, the maximum data rate of approximately 500 kbit/s and the effective GCR rate of approximately 375 kbit/s; Figure 9-3 and Tables 9-3 and 9-4, the 20-pin internal connector pinouts; Figure 9-4 and Table 9-5, the '''DB-19''' external connector pinout; the warning that all devices connected to a Macintosh Plus must not draw more than 600 mA at +12 V, 700 mA at +5 V and 10 mA at −12 V, that a single-sided floppy drive requires 500 mA at +12 V and 500 mA at +5 V and that an Apple 800K drive requires 600 mA at +12 V and 360 mA at +5 V; the PWM motor-speed-control line, used only by 400K single-sided drives and generated by a PAL on the Macintosh Plus and the BBU on the Macintosh SE from values in the disk-speed buffer in RAM, with the statement that the 800K drive controls its own motor speed and ignores the signal; the statement that '''the SWIM does not support the single-sided floppy disk drive'''; the statement that an external 800K drive may be connected to any model that supports an external FDHD drive; and the Hard Disk 20 pass-through arrangement, whose DB-19 pinout is identical to the computer's.</ref>
The '''Apple FDHD drive''', also called the '''SuperDrive''', is Apple's high-density 3.5-inch floppy drive. It was fitted internally to the Macintosh SE FDHD, SE/30, Portable, IIx, IIcx, IIci and IIfx, and uses Apple's SWIM controller.<ref name="gmfh">Apple Computer, ''Guide to the Macintosh Family Hardware'', second edition, Addison-Wesley, 1990, Chapter 9 "Floppy Disk Interfaces". Hosted as [[:File:Apple Guide to the Macintosh Family Hardware 2nd Edition 1990.pdf]].</ref><ref name="gmfh343">''Guide to the Macintosh Family Hardware'', 2nd ed., pp. 343-345: "the Apple FDHD drive, also called the SuperDrive"; Table 9-6, models that use it and how many internal and external drives each takes; the note that Macintosh SE computers made before September 1989 use the 800K drive; the SWIM (Super Woz Integrated Machine) and its 15.6672 MHz clock; the IOP on the IIfx; the SWIM's lack of support for the single-sided drive; the approximate 500 kbit/s and 375 kbit/s data rates.</ref> The external '''Apple SuperDrive''' (G7287) connects to the disk drive port of a Macintosh or an Apple II. It reads and writes 400K, 800K and 1.4 MB disks and, on a Macintosh with suitable software, MS-DOS disks.<ref name="ug">Apple Computer, ''Apple SuperDrive User's Guide'', 030-1850-A, 1991. Hosted as [[:File:Apple SuperDrive Users Guide 1991.pdf]].</ref> Apple gives the high-density capacity as 1.4 MB.<ref name="gmfh330">''Guide to the Macintosh Family Hardware'', 2nd ed., p. 330, Table 9-1 "Basic features of Macintosh floppy disk drives", and p. 331, "Data encoding methods".</ref>
 
Apple consistently calls the capacity '''1.4 MB''', not 1.44 MB.<ref name="gmfh9" />


== Formats ==
== Formats ==
{| class="wikitable styled-table" style="width:90%;"
{| class="wikitable styled-table" style="width:90%;"
|+'''Apple Table 9-1, the FDHD drive'''<ref name="gmfh9" />
|+'''Disk formats of the FDHD drive (Apple Table 9-1)'''<ref name="gmfh330" />
! Disk type !! Capacity !! File system !! Encoding
! Disk type !! Capacity !! File system !! Encoding
|-
|-
| 3.5-inch single sided || 400 KB || MFS || Apple GCR
| 3.5-inch single sided || 400K || MFS || Apple GCR
|-
|-
| 3.5-inch double sided || 800 KB || HFS || Apple GCR
| 3.5-inch double sided || 800K || HFS || Apple GCR
|-
|-
| 3.5-inch double sided || 720 KB || MS-DOS || '''MFM'''
| 3.5-inch double sided || 720K || MS-DOS || MFM
|-
|-
| 3.5-inch high density || 1.4 MB || HFS || '''Apple GCR'''
| 3.5-inch high density || 1.4 MB || HFS || Apple GCR
|-
|-
| 3.5-inch high density || 1.4 MB || MS-DOS || '''MFM'''
| 3.5-inch high density || 1.4 MB || MS-DOS || MFM
|}
|}


'''Read that table carefully.''' The Macintosh 1.4 MB format uses '''Apple GCR''', not MFM. Only the MS-DOS formats use MFM. Descriptions giving the Macintosh high-density format as "GCR/MFM" or as MFM are wrong by Apple's own table.<ref name="gmfh9" />
The Macintosh 1.4 MB format uses Apple GCR. MFM is used only for the MS-DOS formats.<ref name="gmfh330" /> Under GCR with NRZI encoding a transition occurs for a one and none for a zero, and the driver formats the data so that more than two adjacent zeros never occur. Under MFM a transition occurs for a one, none for an isolated zero, and one for two adjacent zeros.<ref name="gmfh330" /> Four bytes of GCR-encoded data carry three bytes of data.<ref name="gmfh343" />
 
The two encodings differ in one rule. Under '''GCR with NRZI''', a transition always occurs for a one and none for a zero, and the driver formats each three data bytes as four 8-bit patterns so that more than two adjacent zeros never occur. Under '''MFM''', a transition always occurs for a one, none for an isolated zero, and '''a transition always occurs for two adjacent zeros'''.<ref name="gmfh9" />
 
== SWIM ==


The controller is the '''SWIM''' (Super Woz Integrated Machine). It controls four of the disk state-control lines, generates the internal/external drive-select signals and the read- and write-data signals; the VIA provides a fifth state-control line.<ref name="gmfh9" />
== SWIM controller ==
The SWIM (Super Woz Integrated Machine) controls four of the disk state-control lines, selects the internal or external drive, and generates the read-data and write-data signals; a VIA provides a fifth state-control line. It runs at 15.6672 MHz, twice the IWM's clock, and software divides the clock by two when it works with an 800K drive or a Hard Disk 20. On the Macintosh IIfx the SWIM is driven by the IOP, which moves disk data between main memory and its own RAM by DMA.<ref name="gmfh343" />


* The SWIM clock is '''15.6672 MHz''' — twice the IWM's. During startup, software sets a bit in the SWIM to divide the clock by two when reading and writing to an 800K drive or a Hard Disk 20.<ref name="gmfh9" />
The SWIM can send data to the drive at about 500 kbit/s; the effective rate in GCR mode is about 375 kbit/s.<ref name="gmfh343" />
* On the Macintosh IIfx the SWIM is driven by the '''IOP''' custom IC, which moves disk data between main memory and its own dedicated RAM by DMA.<ref name="gmfh9" />
* '''The SWIM does not support the single-sided floppy disk drive.'''<ref name="gmfh9" /> That is the reason a [[Apple 400K Drive|400K drive]] does not work on an FDHD machine, and it is a hard limit, not a software one.


Maximum rate to the drive is approximately '''500 kbit/s''', and approximately '''375 kbit/s''' effective in GCR mode.<ref name="gmfh9" />
The SWIM does not support the single-sided drive, so a [[Apple 400K Drive|400K drive]] cannot be used on an FDHD Macintosh. Any Macintosh that supports an external FDHD drive can take an external 800K drive instead.<ref name="gmfh343" />


== Compatibility ==
== Compatibility ==
{| class="wikitable styled-table" style="width:80%;"
{| class="wikitable styled-table" style="width:80%;"
|+'''Models using the FDHD drive''' (Apple Table 9-6)<ref name="gmfh9" />
|+'''Macintosh models that use the FDHD drive (Apple Table 9-6)'''<ref name="gmfh343" />
! Model !! Internal !! External
! Model !! Internal drives !! External drives
|-
|-
| Macintosh SE FDHD || 1 || 1
| Macintosh SE FDHD || 1 || 1
Line 57: Line 49:
| Macintosh Portable || 1 or 2 || 1
| Macintosh Portable || 1 or 2 || 1
|-
|-
| Macintosh IIx || 1 or 2 || '''0'''
| Macintosh IIx || 1 or 2 || 0
|-
|-
| Macintosh IIcx || 1 || 1
| Macintosh IIcx || 1 || 1
Line 63: Line 55:
| Macintosh IIci || 1 || 1
| Macintosh IIci || 1 || 1
|-
|-
| Macintosh IIfx || 1 or 2 || '''0'''
| Macintosh IIfx || 1 or 2 || 0
|}
|}


Macintosh SE computers made before September 1989 use the 800K drive; FDHD machines are marked '''FDHD''' on the front.<ref name="gmfh9" />
Macintosh SE computers made before September 1989 use the 800K drive.<ref name="gmfh343" /> On a Macintosh, the external SuperDrive handles 1.4 MB disks only if the computer's internal drive can, and only under system software 6.0 or later.<ref name="ug" />


'''On any model that supports an external FDHD drive you can connect an external 800K drive instead'''<ref name="gmfh9" /> — but not the other way round for single-sided drives, which the SWIM does not support at all.
On the Apple II, the external SuperDrive plugs into the disk drive port of the Apple IIGS or Apple IIc Plus, or into a controller card in a IIe or IIGS. A IIe or IIGS needs a special controller card to use 1.4 MB disks.<ref name="ug" /> That card is the Apple II 3.5 Disk Controller Card; without it, a SuperDrive on the IIGS's built-in SmartPort reads and writes only 800K disks. On a IIe the card is needed to use the drive at all.<ref name="cc">Apple Computer, ''Apple II 3.5 Disk Controller Card Owner's Guide'', 030-5717-A, 1991, Chapter 1 "Overview", p. 2, and Chapter 4 "Special rules for SuperDrives", pp. 28-29. Hosted as [[:File:Apple II 3.5 Disk Controller Card Owners Guide 1991.pdf]].</ref> Up to four drives can be daisy-chained on an Apple II, with any SuperDrives nearest the computer. Remove the plastic cover from the SuperDrive's rear connector with a flat-bladed screwdriver before chaining a second drive.<ref name="ug" />


== Internal Connectors ==
Do not put 1.4 MB disks in 400K or 800K drives: they cannot read, write or properly initialise high-density disks. A high-density disk has a second square hole in the case and is marked HD.<ref name="ug" /><ref name="cc" />


These designators come from Apple's own take-apart and are what you will be reconnecting:<ref name="sssd">''Apple SuperDrive Service Source'', Apple Computer, Inc. — hosted on this wiki as [[:File:Apple superdrive.hdi 20.pdf]]. Troubleshooting symptom charts (drive does not come on and the LED flashes once or does not light; reads but does not write; does not read but LED comes on; does not eject; functions but LED does not light; MS-DOS drive does not recognise a disk formatted on a 1.4 MB SuperDrive; reads and writes 800K disks but not HD disks; unable to read with many file-transfer errors; fails to format). Take Apart: four screws in the case bottom, the floppy metal shield, the cable anchor, and the connector designators — '''CN101''' external drive cable, '''CN102''' daisy-chain interface board, '''CN104''' LED cable and '''CN105''' eject button cable — together with the daisy-chain interface board and 1.4 MB mechanism procedures and the replacement note that the dust shield must be removed from a replacement mechanism before installation.</ref>
== Internal connectors ==
The connector designators in Apple's take-apart procedure for the external drive:<ref name="sssd">Apple Computer, ''Apple SuperDrive'' (''Service Source''), 21 pp., 1995. Troubleshooting (Symptom Charts pp. 2-4) and Take Apart (Top & Bottom Cover pp. 1-3; External Cable and Shield pp. 4-5; Daisy Chain Interface Board pp. 6-7; 1.4 MB Drive Mechanism pp. 8-10). Hosted as [[:File:Apple superdrive.hdi 20.pdf]]; see [[Apple SuperDrive/HDI-20 Service Source]].</ref>


{| class="wikitable styled-table" style="width:70%;"
{| class="wikitable styled-table" style="width:70%;"
Line 78: Line 71:
! Connector !! Goes to
! Connector !! Goes to
|-
|-
| '''CN101''' || External drive cable
| CN101 || External drive cable
|-
|-
| '''CN102''' || Daisy-chain interface board
| CN102 || Daisy-chain interface board
|-
|-
| '''CN104''' || LED cable
| CN104 || LED cable
|-
|-
| '''CN105''' || Eject button cable
| CN105 || Eject button cable
|}
|}


== Disassembly ==
== Disassembly ==
Apple's procedure, abbreviated:<ref name="sssd" />
Apple's procedure, abbreviated:<ref name="sssd" />


# Remove the '''four screws''' from the case bottom and pull the bottom cover off.
# Remove the four screws from the case bottom and pull the bottom cover off.
# Remove the '''floppy metal shield''' from the drive assembly.
# Remove the floppy metal shield from the drive assembly.
# Pull the '''cable anchor''' free of the top case.
# Pull the cable anchor free of the top case.
# Grip the case top in one hand and the drive assembly in the other, slide the assembly as far as it will go towards the cable end, and lift it out. Flip it over.
# Hold the case top in one hand and the drive assembly in the other, slide the assembly as far as it will go towards the cable end, and lift it out. Turn it over.
# Using '''needle-nose pliers''', disconnect '''CN104''' (LED) and '''CN105''' (eject button).
# With needle-nose pliers, disconnect CN104 (LED) and CN105 (eject button).
# For the external cable: remove the mounting screw from the external drive shield, gently pull the shield back and disconnect the cable from '''CN101'''. If you are replacing either the shield or the cable, separate them first by removing the '''ground screw'''.
# For the external cable, remove the mounting screw from the external drive shield, pull the shield back and disconnect the cable from CN101. To replace the shield or the cable, separate them by removing the ground screw.
# For the daisy-chain board: disconnect '''CN102''', pull back the two side tabs to remove the plastic daisy-chain cover from the outer metal shield, then remove the screw holding the board and slide it out to the right.
# For the daisy-chain board, disconnect CN102, release the two side tabs to remove the plastic daisy-chain cover from the outer metal shield, then remove the screw holding the board and slide it out.
# For the mechanism, remove the four screws from the outer metal shield, disconnect CN102 from the mechanism, and push the inner metal shield in the direction of the arrow until its tabs clear the holes in the mechanism.


'''Replacement note, and it is easy to miss:''' before installing a replacement 1.4 MB SuperDrive mechanism, '''you must remove the dust shield'''.<ref name="sssd" />
Remove the dust shield from a replacement 1.4 MB mechanism before installing it.<ref name="sssd" />


== Troubleshooting ==
== Troubleshooting ==
 
Apple's symptom chart lists cures in order of likelihood. Try the first; if the symptom persists, refit the original module before trying the next.<ref name="sssd" />
Apple's symptom chart, in Apple's order — try the first cure first, and if it does not fix the symptom '''reinstall the original module before moving on''':<ref name="sssd" />


{| class="wikitable styled-table" style="width:95%;"
{| class="wikitable styled-table" style="width:95%;"
|+'''SuperDrive symptom chart'''<ref name="sssd" />
|+'''SuperDrive symptom chart'''<ref name="sssd" />
! Symptom !! Sequence
! Symptom !! Apple's cures, in order
|-
|-
| Drive does not come on; LED flashes once or does not light || Drive mechanism → external drive cable → LED assembly
| Drive does not come on; LED flashes once or does not light || Drive mechanism, then external drive cable, then LED assembly
|-
|-
| Reads but does not write || Drive mechanism → external drive cable
| Reads but does not write || Verify that the drive is a 1.4 MB SuperDrive, then drive mechanism, then external drive cable
|-
|-
| Does not read but LED comes on || Bad disk → drive mechanism
| Does not read but LED comes on || Bad disk, then drive mechanism
|-
|-
| Does not eject disk || Drive mechanism → eject switch cable assembly
| Does not eject disk || Drive mechanism, then eject switch cable assembly
|-
|-
| Functions, but LED does not light || LED assembly → drive mechanism
| Functions, but LED does not light || LED assembly, then drive mechanism
|-
|-
| '''Reads/writes 800K disks but not HD disks''' || '''Verify that the drive is a 1.4 MB SuperDrive''' → drive mechanism
| Reads and writes 800K disks but not HD disks || Verify that the drive is a 1.4 MB SuperDrive, then drive mechanism
|-
|-
| Unable to read; many file-transfer errors || Clean drive → drive mechanism
| Unable to read; many file-transfer errors || Clean drive, then drive mechanism
|-
|-
| Fails to format || Clean drive → drive mechanism
| Fails to format || Clean drive, then drive mechanism
|-
|-
| '''An MS-DOS drive does not recognise a disk formatted on a 1.4 MB SuperDrive''' || '''Format all disks on the MS-DOS drive first''', then read and write them with either
| An MS-DOS drive does not recognise a disk formatted on a 1.4 MB SuperDrive || Format all disks on the MS-DOS drive first; they can then be read and written in either drive
|}
|}


Two of those entries are worth extracting.
Several of these are not drive faults. Apple's first step for a drive that will not write, or will not handle HD disks, is to confirm the drive really is a 1.4 MB SuperDrive.<ref name="sssd" /> A SuperDrive attached to an Apple IIGS's built-in port handles only 800K disks.<ref name="cc" /> The eject button works only with the power on and only on an Apple II; on a Macintosh, or on a IIGS under GS/OS, eject by dragging the disk icon to the Trash. As a last resort a straightened paper clip in the access hole to the right of the slot releases the disk.<ref name="ug" />


=== "Reads 800K but not HD" ===
Apple's user guide says the mechanism should not need cleaning in normal use and that a drive that consistently fails to read or write should go for service.<ref name="ug" /> The Service Source's "clean drive" step does not say how.<ref name="sssd" /> See [[Floppy Drive Repair]] for mechanism work.
Apple's first step is not a repair at all — '''verify that the drive actually is a 1.4 MB SuperDrive'''.<ref name="sssd" /> An 800K mechanism in a SuperDrive-era case looks identical from the outside. Related, and equally not a fault: a SuperDrive on a machine with an '''IWM''' rather than a SWIM cannot do high density, because the controller, not the drive, is the limit.<ref name="gmfh9" />


=== The MS-DOS exchange rule ===
== Documentation ==
'''To read and write files with both an MS-DOS drive and a 1.4 MB SuperDrive, format all disks on the MS-DOS drive first.'''<ref name="sssd" /> This is Apple's own workaround and it converts an apparently intermittent cross-platform problem into a one-line procedure.
* [[Apple SuperDrive/HDI-20 Service Source]]: Apple's ''Service Source'' for the external SuperDrive (troubleshooting and take-apart).
* [[:File:Apple SuperDrive Users Guide 1991.pdf|Apple SuperDrive User's Guide]] (030-1850-A).
* [[:File:Apple II 3.5 Disk Controller Card Owners Guide 1991.pdf|Apple II 3.5 Disk Controller Card Owner's Guide]] (030-5717-A).
* [[:File:Apple Guide to the Macintosh Family Hardware 2nd Edition 1990.pdf|Guide to the Macintosh Family Hardware]], 2nd edition, Chapter 9: interface, connector pinouts and circuit diagrams.
* [[Macintosh HDI-20 1.4 MB Drive Service Source]]: the separate PowerBook HDI-20 external drive.
* [[Macintosh II Repair and Upgrade Secrets]] (Larry Pina), chapter 8 "FDHD disk drive upgrades" (p. 189): the FDHD/ROM upgrade for the Macintosh II.


=== Head cleaning ===
== See also ==
Apple's charts start "clean drive" for read errors and format failures.<ref name="sssd" /> Use a 3.5-inch head-cleaning disk and do not overdo it — cleaning wears heads.
 
== What Is Not Documented ==
 
No Apple figures for the external SuperDrive's release date, retail price, discontinuation date, dimensions, weight or transfer rate as a product could be traced, and none are stated here. The "SWIM" expansion as "Sander–Wozniak Integrated Machine" is a community backronym; '''Apple's own text gives it as Super Woz Integrated Machine'''.<ref name="gmfh9" />
 
== Apple's service manual for this drive ==
Apple's own manual is the '''Apple SuperDrive''' volume of ''Service Source'', hosted here as [[Apple SuperDrive/HDI-20 Service Source]]. It covers the external 1.4 MB SuperDrive and the HDI-20, and it is the only Apple external floppy drive volume that carries a symptom chart: it maps "drive reads but does not write", "does not eject", "functions but LED does not light" and the rest to specific replacements, and it records two behaviours that are not faults - an MS-DOS machine refusing a disk formatted on a SuperDrive, and an 800K drive mistaken for a SuperDrive because it will not take high-density media.<ref name="sssuper">''Apple SuperDrive'', Apple ''Service Source'', 21 pages, PDF distilled 21 November 1995 - hosted on this wiki as [[Apple SuperDrive/HDI-20 Service Source]], file [[:File:Apple superdrive.hdi 20.pdf]]. Troubleshooting symptom charts and the Take Apart order (top and bottom cover, external cable and shield, daisy chain interface board, 1.4 MB drive mechanism, eject switch assembly, LED assembly). The manual has no Specifications chapter, so no current draw or seek time for the external SuperDrive is printed in it.</ref>
 
== The external drive in this family ==
 
The external 1.4 MB drive has its own Apple volume, held here as
'''[[Macintosh HDI-20 1.4 MB Drive Service Source]]''' — 18 pages, and '''Troubleshooting and Take
Apart only'''. Apple printed no Basics and no Specifications chapter for it, so it contains no
capacity, data rate, current draw or mechanism part number. What it does contain is the removal of
the '''cable interface board''' and the '''HDI-20 external cable''', which is where these drives
actually fail, because the HDI-20 connector takes the mechanical strain.
 
Larry Pina's [[Macintosh II Repair and Upgrade Secrets]] covers the FDHD/ROM upgrade path into a
Macintosh II, building an external drive adapter, and 800K drive troubleshooting.
 
== See Also ==
* [[Apple SuperDrive/HDI-20 Service Source]]
* [[Apple 400K Drive]]
* [[Apple 400K Drive]]
* [[Apple Floppy Disk Drive]]
* [[Apple Floppy Disk Drive]]
* [[Apple UniDisk 3.5]]
* [[Apple UniDisk 3.5]]
* [[Floppy Drive Repair]]


== References ==
== References ==
<references />
<references />


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